The Pub Hub

COMMANDS KEYS
• Zoom Out: Command -
• Zoom In: Command +
• Undo: Command Z
• Cut: Command X
• Copy: Command C
• Paste: Command V
• Print View: W (deactivate text)
• Quick Move: Shift Arrow Keys
• Maintain Proportions: Hold down shift while increasing or decreasing size
• Page Hand: When a text box is activated, hold down Option

TOOL BAR BASICS
• Selection Tool (top L)
1. Activate (or highlight)
2. Drag
3. Crop images
• Direct Selection Tool (top R)
1. Scale images (without changing image position)
2. Change shape of boxes
3. Drag Pen Tool shaping points
• Pen Tool (2 down L)
1. Add/take away shape shift points to change box shape (use in text wraps)
• Type Tool (2 down R)
2. Create text boxes (drag over open space)
3. Works with text
• Line Tool (3 down R)
1. Create divider lines between stories
2. Hold Shift to create straight vertical/horizontal lines
3. Change weight/style in Stroke menu
• Frame Tool (4 down L)
1. Use for placeholders for images
2. To add images, activate and go to File, Place, and find the file name
• Box Tool (4 down R)
1. Create color boxes
2. Create transparent boxes with stroke lines around them
• Rotate Tool (6 down L)
1. Rotate page elements
• Free Transform Tool (7 down L)
1. Stretch, increase, decrease, or rotate boxes
• Hand Tool (9 down L)
1. Move around pages
• Zoom Tool (9 down R)
1. Zoom in and out of pages
2. Highlight area to isolate view
• Fill/Stroke (below L&R tools)
1. Activates and creates color for inner/outer areas of box

Important Windows
• Swatches: selects colors
• Stroke: all stroke elements available
• Text Wrap: Wrap text around an image or box
• Tools: Toolbar
• Control: Top menu
• Type & Tables
1. Character: typeface, leading, tracking, scaling, and skewing
2. Paragraph: alignment, indentation, drop cap, and hyphenation

WORKING WITH TEXT
• Set font to appropriate size (9 is average)
• Set typeface to appropriate style (InDesign defaults at Times but Times New Roman is better for spacing and formatting)
• Right justify body text
• Set paragraph indent (.2” or 1p2 pica)
• Keep headline in same text type as body text

LAYOUT GENERAL RULES
• Headline font size gets smaller down the page
• Every page must have dominant art
• Form packages in vertical and horizontal boxes (add becomes part of box image)
• 6 line minimum for column text (longer for vertical packages)
• When a picture goes outside column guides, don’t go farther than 40% into the next column
• 3-line max, headlines over 2 columns
• 5-line max, headlines over 1 column
• When a pic is the width of story, headline goes under pic, never over (unless w/ fold involved)
• Rarely use subheads and inset quotes in the same story (let content decide)
• 2 font rule per page (flag is the exception)
• Avoid butting headlines and images
• No pic in middle of a story, dividing the text
• Avoid square pics, especially large ones
• Avoid stacking stories (vary columns and images and use inset quotes when it occurs)
• Vary between vertical and horizontal images
• Basic rule for headlines: noun-verb-noun
• Use cutouts sparingly to accent pages
• Use text over images sparingly
• Avoid smile-at-the-camera pictures

FINAL CHECKLIST
• Lineup all columns
• Stroke line around pictures
• Byline names correct?
• Spell check everything
• Enough space between everything
• Right fonts and tracking/leading
• Body text and captions right and left justified
• Awkward text spacing from text wraps?

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B. City Government
—City Council meeting reflection
City Gov. Function
—City Council differs depending on city size
1. City of Los Angeles
a. Split into 15 districts with a president
2. West Hollywood
a. Part-time council and mayor (approx. 5)
3. Azusa
a. Mayor and 4 other members
Local positions and responsibilities
1. Mayor: Oversees city council, sometimes in a roundtable way other times with veto power
2. Mayor Pro Tempore: City councilmember who is in charge in absence of mayor
3. City Council President: A higher position for larger cities
4. City Councilmember: proposes bills and passes laws in the city
5. Deputy Mayor: Glorified office manager, stepping position or Pro Tempore
6. City Manager: oversees city departments, research and managerial
7. City Clerk: Person in charge of records
8. Cashier/Treasurer: money, funding, budgets, and paychecks
9. Public Information Officer: PR representative
Common city issues
1. Advertising banners
2. Land development
3. Zoning
4. Streetlights and maintenance
5. Bike laws
6. Water use
7. Waste (Grocery bags)
C. County Government
Characteristics
1. More private
2. Bigger role in rural areas, more bookkeepers in major cities
3. Receive authority through state legislature
4. Hold records
a. Property
b. Marriages & divorce
c. Driver’s licenses
d. Auto licenses
5. Function as legislative, executive and judicial
6. Make decisions whenever quorum is present
Positions
1. County auditor: financial officer or controller
2. County recorder: oversees records
3. Treasurer: collects and disperses money
4. Sheriff
5. Coroner
6. Prosecutor
D. Approaching taxes
Offices to go through
1. Assessor: appraises homes, businesses and property
2. Auditor: organizes budget
3. Governing board: sets tax rates
4. Treasurer: collects taxes and disburses them to other units of gov.
Tax exempt
1. Churches
2. Schools
3. Public college
4. Nonprofit hospitals
IV. Public records
1. There is no “right to know”
2. Freedom of information laws
3. Getting access requires working with potentially hostile people
What’s Public?
1. Property tax of areas; courthouses
2. Criminal records; PD
3. Standardized school test performances; school district
4. Development plans; city or county offices
a. Six-year road plans
b. Parks plans
c. New construction; planning department at city hall
d. Comprehensive plans; city and county offices
Freedom of Information Act
1. Gov. documents public unless good reason
2. Respond w/i 20 days
3. Some access could take years
4. Time could be a problem
Exemptions
1. National security
2. Internal agency rules
3. Statutory exemption (another exemption)
4. Internal agency memoranda
5. Personal privacy
6. Law enforcement records
7. Bank reports
8. Oil and gas well data
State records guidelines
1. Public records: any “recording” by a public agency
2. Free unless copied
3. Usually a week after request
4. Exemptions for taxpayer confidentiality
Request records
1. Prepare, paperwork and law knowledge
2. Be specific
3. Show up, no email or phone calls
4. Be nice but confident: nothing to hide
5. Submit in writing
6. Have money for copies
7. Follow-up insures people to listen to you
8. Keep fighting
Bluffs
1. Know how to respond (pg95)
2. Make them prove it
3. Go over their head
4. Get help
5. Tell the public (journalist bone to pick)
6. Sue
7. Stay calm and fight back
Chapter tips
1. Don’t expect cops to do the work for you
a. Do your own research
2. Police have other duties as well
a. Be respectful of time
b. Make things easy for them
3. Communicate mistakes before they go to print
4. Know state law about release info
5. Be respectful despite turned down requests
6. Crime reporters can experience same trauma as police and firefighters
Story ideas
1. Department functions
2. Crime trends
3. Success stories
Tips for Covering Cops
—Stephen Buckley
1. Cops are human, too, Part 1
a. Get to know them; call when they’re in the hospital
b. Show up during down times; give them something else to do
2. Always go to the scene, Part 1
a. Observe things for yourself
b. Find your own witnesses
c. Neighborhood: before and after
3. Never assume people don’t want to talk (Interview tips, pg227)
a. Sometimes people want to talk (for hours)
b. Much like venting or the need to let the public know
4. Spend time in neighborhoods
a. Emphasis on high crime areas
i. Saving children
ii. Drive out criminals
iii. People watching communities crumble
b. Get to know community activists and long time residents
i. Mothers
5. Cops are human, too, Part 2
a. Cover good stories about police too
6. Know different sections
a. Varying department sources
b. Go beyond major detectives
i. Vice squad
ii. Burglary section
iii. Robbery section
7. Look for patterns
a. Check the logs
b. Crime increases in areas
c. Be your own detective
8. Read police news in out-of-town papers
a. Crimes move in trends
b. Crime-fighting moves in waves
9. Cultivate clerks
a. Make friends with clerks and front-desk sergeants
b. Chat ‘em up and make ‘em lunch
c. Treat like homicide detectives
Sometimes they’ll tip you off

I. Karl Marx's Legacy
1. Ruling interests are made the common interests of all society
2. Ruling interests can only become “common” if made universal: “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary it is their social being that determines their consciousness.
The major bias of any writer

II. Hegemony
Root: from the word “Hegemon,” the ruling group, a state power; Conquerors in Hebrew times
Definition: Fluctuating state of dominant ideology; also, the ongoing struggle to gain the consent of the people to a system that would govern them.
Antonio Gramsci: Hegemony is a “condition in process” in which a dominant class does not merely rule a society but leads it through the exercise of “moral and intellectual leadership.”
Assimilation: hegemony is maintained by dominant groups and classes, negotiating with and making concessions to subordinate groups and classes.
Two forms of control:
1. Coercive Control: threat of force
2. Consensual Control: willful or voluntary actions to assimilate
Hegemonic Negotiation: Theory of how culture changes as opposing ideas are encountered by the dominant ideology. The critical charge of an opposing idea is often softened or negated as it is incorporated within the dominant ideology.

III. Privilege (Allan Johnson)
Privilege: What exists when one group has something of value that is denied to others simply because of the groups they belong to, rather than because of anything they’ve done or failed to do.
Two types of privilege:
1. Unearned entitlement: when a designated group receives something that should be available to everyone: public safety or equality at work.
2. Conferred Dominance: takes unearned entitlement a step further by giving one group power over another.
Path of least resistance: the path we take when someone says something that we may disagree with, for the sake of comfort, avoiding conflict or the “common good.”
-Not confronting someone about a crass joke
The myth of choice: the “privilege” of choosing or not choosing to care about race issues, while others are reminded that they’re different every day.

IV. Representation
Common representations of non-whites in the media
1. Primitive stereotypes
2. Violent
3. Sexually promiscuous
4. Victims
Tokenism: the process of choosing just enough diversity to avoid confrontation
Stories define what is “normal” (a former D-Group news story described multicultural small groups as "getting colorful," reflecting a "lack" of color prior to it and inferring that "white" is the "norm")
The Buddy movie mentality: social issues get simplified in news stories to individual issues. Go deeper and find the social implication.
Cornel West: “For liberals, black people are to be ‘included’ and “integrated” into “our” society and culture, while for conservatives they are to be ‘well behaved’ and ‘worthy of acceptance’ by ‘our’ way of life. Both fail to see that the presence and predicaments of black people are neither additions to nor defections from American life, but rather constitutive elements of that life.”

V. Ethnicity
The power of naming:
1. Naming can generalize (Asian) or expand (Japanese)
2. Black vs. African American: one has been considered narrow while the other can include people groups that do not belong (namely, Africans)
There's no need to mention unless relevant to the story
Terms to be skeptical of: majority, ghetto, common good, the public and inner city.
When in doubt about terms and approaches, contact advocacy groups in the area
Crime: minorities are often featured in crime stories; equal representation is needed in every area of coverage
Easy rule: treat each person as an individual
Keith Woods: “Coverage of ethnic and racial minorities still reflects too many festivals and football games and not enough family issues or finance.”

VI. Women
Sources: make sure to include female sources in general stories (good rule to check the slant of your story based on sources in general)
Gender inclusive language: avoid referring to positions in male terms-spokesman, founding fathers or congressman, mankind, etc.
Lose the chauvinism: avoid Wild at Heart stereotypes: if you think that men should be the romantic pursuer and head of the house, that's fine, but the newspaper does not condone traditional views of gender relationships; objectivity requires a nonbias view.
Respect: don’t refer to women by their first names
Use of adjectives: would you refer to a man as “confident” or “feisty”
Gender vs. sex (male/female)
1. Sex: Biological
2. Gender: Social construction of expectations for each sex

VII. Sexual Orientation
1. Know APU’s position, but realize students may disagree with it
2. Be conscious of language to protect ALL students
3. Use "orientation" not “preference” or “alternative lifestyle”; preference implies choice and it's not the paper's job to engage that argument.
4. Use the term "Gay and lesbian community" or "gays and lesbians" instead of "homosexuals" or "homosexual people."
5. Use “homosexual” or "same-sex" in reference to medical or sexual circumstances
6. Use of different terms
LGBTQ: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning.
Transgender is not synonymous with gay or lesbian.
Transvestite does not refer to sexual activity but cross-dressing
Queer is commonly used in academia and as an all-encompassing term (sometimes controversial)
LGBTQ issues are not just “white” issues though the term and movement has been accused of ostracizing minorities.

VIII. People with Disabilities
1. Not handicapped or a disabled person, but a person with a disability. Why?
2. Only use these terms when interviewee uses them for self-description
Too vague: “mentally challenged,” “visually challenged” or “physically inconvenienced”; Considered condescending
Don’t evoke pity: Avoid “afflicted with” or “suffers from” and simply say what they have
Hearing Impaired vs. deaf
The deaf, hard of hearing, late deafened

In all cases, when used in stories, do the research and find out from sources